Incarceration or Rehabilitation - 1950 Words

Incarceration or Rehabilitation for Non-Violent Drug Offenders Statistics have proven that incarceration alone is a monetary pitfall and does not deter the cluster of non-violent drug related crimes in this country. We need to create an alternative habilitation pattern for these offenders including an assessment of their mental health, specialized life skills training, and occupational employment assistance: in some cases, in lieu of incarceration and in others, in conjunction with incarceration. Ask yourself these questions: What affect would this type of intense program have on the recidivism rate? Would we be saving tax-payer dollars by producing graduates from drug rehabilitation programs instead of housing repeat criminals? To†¦show more content†¦Would-be employers frown heavily on felony convictions. Family members who are law abiding citizens may ostracize felons. Punishing offenders in these ways can ultimately slow recovery. All we seem to be providing is a co ntinual revolving door for offenders. â€Å"Most drug prisoners will return to the community after a couple years away, and will then return to prison because we have not dealt with the complex set of core issues that lead to them ending up incarcerated in the first place† (McVay). We cannot simply arrest our way out of the nation’s drug problem. There must be programs developed which incorporate the structure of prison along with individualized rehabilitation. In Peele’s article, he provides very strong evidence that medically treating abusers is not particularly fruitful. He believes that people who abuse drugs as a way of escaping or dealing with life’s pressures do so because they can’t cope and that it is not a treatable medical problem. He states that approaching the War on Drugs with more treatment will not help us win the battle. These approaches only distract our attention from the real issues of addiction. Peele says that research ha s proven certain characteristics of the person are crucial to the outcome of the treatment in both alcohol and drug rehabilitation. Assuming that we treat offenders only with a medical disease instead of psychologically, we will not succeed in reducingShow MoreRelatedThe Incarceration Of Rehabilitation Programs1319 Words   |  6 Pagesinstitutions have made rehabilitation a top priority. Recidivism, defined as the tendency of a convicted criminal to reoffend, has become a problem in the United States. One way to correct the recidivism problem, as well as other crime related problems, is rehabilitation. Criminal rehabilitation is meant to, in some way, correct criminal behavior. There are punishment types of rehabilitation as well correctional rehabilitation. Not all programs or practices of rehabilitation are effective. TheRead MoreRehabilitation vs Incarceration1515 Words   |  7 PagesRehabilitation versus Incarceration Lee Tergeson, actor from the television show OZ said, â€Å"I know what it is like to be ignored, and I think that is the big problem about the prison system: These people are being thrown away. There is no sense of rehabilitation. In some places, they are trying to do things. But, in most cases, it is a holding cell.† (Tergeson, 2002) He speaks the truth. Those incarcerated today are not given the chance to change their behavior patterns, especially when it isRead MoreRehabilitation Programs vs. Incarceration738 Words   |  3 PagesRehabilitation Programs vs. Incarceration 5 Running Head: Rehabilitation Programs vs. Incarceration Impact of Rehabilitation Programs and Incarceration for Juvenile Offenders Discussing the Importance of Rehabilitation Program Introduction Juvenile offenders are increasing day by day regardless of the efforts to control the youth crime. It is important to understand the fact that even though the offenders fall in the young age bracket, they are still a part of human species. Human nature respondsRead MoreRehabilitation Over Incarceration : Persuasive Speech1736 Words   |  7 Pages Rehabilitation Over Incarceration Purpose: To Persuade Specific Purpose: To inform and persuade the public of the inefficiency of the justice and prison system, and to offer insight and methods to both reduce the finical burden of this institution on the state and inmate recidivism while simultaneously reviving our communities left ruined by this often racist and unfair institution. Central Idea: To rework the legal and economic infrastructure of the currently broken U.S prison system by providingRead MoreShould Incarceration Serve as Rehabilitation or Retribution Essay3510 Words   |  15 Pagesï » ¿Should Incarceration Serve as Rehabilitation or Retribution Should Incarceration Serve as Rehabilitation or Retribution 1 Introduction Incarceration refers to the state of being confined in a prison. It may also mean detention, custody or captivity. This is usually as a result of a crime committed, and serves the offender as a form of punishment. It is meant to deter others from committing crimes, andRead MoreTension between Rehabilitation and Punishment in an Incarceration Setting653 Words   |  3 PagesEssay Discussing Discuss: The tension between rehabilitation and punishment in an incarceration setting. What happens when one is emphasized over the other? Is it possible to strike a balance? The tension between rehabilitation and punishment has been increasing dramatically. This is because there have been sharp rises in the prison population and repeat offender rates. When one area is over emphasized in relation to the other, there is the possibility that imbalances will occur. Over the courseRead MoreIncarceration And Drug And Alcohol Abuse Rehabilitation Programs1947 Words   |  8 PagesPrison incarceration rates are increasing and there seems to be a pattern of specific groups of people, such as the minorities and indigenous groups who we see over and over again being imprisoned. There is also a pattern we see across different indigenous groups around different countries who are also facing similar problems because of their native’ status, such as Maori from New Zealand, Aboriginals from Canada and Indians from the USA, just to name a few. This essay will critically discussRead MoreJuvenile Rehabilitation: Adult Prison vs. Juvenile Incarceration1703 Words   |  7 PagesJuvenile Rehabilitation: Adult Prisons vs. Juvenile Incarceration Maureen Fries-Labra English 122 Anna Hopson December 14, 2009 Juvenile Rehabilitation: Adult Prisons vs. Juvenile Incarceration The criminal justice system has a branch for juvenile offenders. Established in the early twentieth century; it is the responsibility of this division to decide the fates of youthful offenders. This is administered by family court with support of social workers and family. With the increased numberRead MoreDoes Incarceration Affect Recidivism?1433 Words   |  6 PagesDoes Incarceration Affect Recidivism? The United States is the world’s leader in incarceration with 2.2 million people currently in the nation’s prisons or jails. Incarceration is a widely argued topic with many understood viewpoints, and it directly deals with three main important correctional topics which are deterrence, rehabilitation, and recidivism. The definition of incarceration is the state of being confined in prison. Not only does incarceration affect people directly by taking away theirRead MorePunishment vs Rehabilitation1661 Words   |  7 PagesPunishment vs. Rehabilitation Helen Olko October 1, 2012 Abstract The expectations that our society has for the criminal justice system  is to punish and rehabilitate individuals who commit crime. Punishment and rehabilitation are also two of the four acknowledged objectives of the criminal justice system, with deterrence and incapacitation being the others. In the United States, punishment has always been the primary goal to achieve when dealing

Debate Reporting Of Ethics Violations Essay - 966 Words

Debate Reporting of Ethics Violations Working with people on a daily basis for over 25 years, I have learned to recognize personality traits with colleagues and people I have serving. As I grew in my profession, I also, understand more of the ethical procedures on how to handle certain scenarios. Currently, I have to apply HIPPA procedures in everything I do on the computer, talking on the phone, and face-to-face with clients and colleagues. In a case scenario, I hear of some co-workers Mary and Jerry debating on reporting an ethical violation and hearing this causes concern of a decision to confront the them. More times than so, a colleague had not been approached by this concern (VandenBos and Duthie, 1986). Mary: Psychologist Smith had an affair with one of the clients should be reported if the client goes to court. Jerry: We don’t work closely with Dr. Smith so we don’t have to tell anyone we know. There is no link to us, Mary. Claudia: {stopped in the hallway overhearing} A plausible framework for reference when facing an ethical dilemma is available in the book Ethical Practice in Forensic Psychology; exhibit 7.1 (Bush, Connell, and Denney, 2006). In the scenario, for the character of Mary, she does want to report the ethical issue about her co-worker. One consideration before Mary reports is the significance of the violation (Bush, Connell, and Denney, 2006). Dr. Smith is a therapist and violated standard 5. As the APA Code of Ethics principles states do complyShow MoreRelatedCase Study : Alaskan Airlines Flight 2611552 Words   |  7 Pageswas a lack of ethics on the part of the aircraft maintenance technicians performing an armchair sign-off and pencil whipping of aircraft records. The Ethical and professional behavior of employees and management is important in every industry, but it can mean the difference between life and death under certain circumstances. The many facets of the Aviation Industry fall under these circumstances. Ethics is described as the â€Å"discipline that deals with moral duty and obligation. Ethics can also be regardedRead MoreEarning Management1159 Words   |  5 PagesEarning management is good or not? Introdcution This essay is to examine whether earning management is it good or bad. Though there is so many debate about whether it should be accepted to be good rather than bad, however, this essay will explain the both side of earnings management. Earnings management reduces the quality of financial reporting, it can interfere with the resource allocation in the economy and can bring adverse consequences to the financial market. This essay analyses both, causesRead MoreEarning Management: Is It Good or Not?1167 Words   |  5 PagesEarning management is good or not? Introdcution This essay is to examine whether earning management is it good or bad. Though there is so many debate about whether it should be accepted to be good rather than bad, however, this essay will explain the both side of earnings management. Earnings management reduces the quality of financial reporting, it can interfere with the resource allocation in the economy and can bring adverse consequences to the financial market. This essay analyses both, causesRead MoreTuskegee1630 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ The Tuskegee Research Study on Syphilis Stephan J. Skotko University of Phoenix January 13, 2010 HCS-435 Ethics: Health Care and Social Responsibility Edward Casey Every person or family member who has faced a medical crisis during his or her lifetime has at one point hoped for an immediate cure, a process that would deter any sort of painful or prolonged convalescence. Medical research always has paralleled a cure or treatment. From the beginning of the turn of the 20thRead MoreEthical Dilemmas Regarding Technology : Ethical Dilemma1596 Words   |  7 Pages Ethical Dilemmas Regarding Technology An ethical dilemma is a situation where one must choose between two conflicting options, which are all morally correct. It is worth to note that ethics and morals are not easy to separate, as they both define what human behaviour should be at all times. The two aspects address issues of right and wrong as pertains to different walks of life. Cultural norms usually determine the ethical behaviour of a society, and these norms would inform people’s take on rightRead MoreOrganizational Behavior Trends1159 Words   |  5 Pageswithin an organization think about and act on problems and opportunities. Organizational Trends are patterns of change over time in some variable of interest. In this paper we will evaluate two trends in organizational behavior. The influence of ethics on decision-making and the impact of technology on work-related stress will be examined. Organizational Behavior Trends There are several trends in Organizational Behavior. One trend is globalization. Globalization requires corporate decisionRead MorePersonnel Management Matrix1315 Words   |  6 PagesSeptember 11, 2001 that revealed a life-and-death importance of enhancing U.S. intelligence operations. There has been a tremendous amount of attention on the need for constructive changes in law enforcement intelligence (Peterson, 2005). Ethical debate between individual rights and national security There have been many ethical issues being debated since October, 2001 on the USA PATRIOT Act (PLAW 107-56, 2001) that claimed encroachment of American civil liberties and Constitutional rights. SomeRead MoreThe American Counseling Association Code Of Ethics1318 Words   |  6 Pagesa response to a video discussing the issues of confidentiality, privilege, reporting, and duty to warn. This paper looks at these issues and their explanations in the American Counseling Association Code of Ethics as well as the Georgia State Board of Professional Counselor’s ethical guidelines and provides a commentary on the laws. It was found that these issues are not always black and white, but there is some debate on these issues. Confidentiality is both an ethical and a legal responsibilityRead MoreEssay about Euthanasia is Our Right to Die1364 Words   |  6 Pagesthem to an existence filled with pain and despair. A third argument for euthanasia is that, by not giving people the option of physician aided suicide, we are in violation of the golden rule. Luckily, the majority of people will never have to make a decision as intimate and serious as euthanasia. However, because it is a subject of debate in America, we must all ask ourselves what we would do in a similar situation. Most people would say that, if they were diagnosed with a terminal illness and wereRead MoreAuditors Independence1295 Words   |  6 Pagesabout what is going on and to correct mistakes.† (Modzeleski 2006) DISCUSS THE INTERACTION OF AUDIT INDEPENDENCE WITH FINANCIAL REPORTING IN AUSTRALIA. Professional accountants and auditors should have ethical responsibilities. They must maintain a high ethical standard in order to maintain public confidence in the accountancy profession. One of the code of ethics which is the Part A (General Applications of the code) forms the important ethical principles that apply to all members as well as

The Link Between Shamanism and Schizophrenia Free Essays

We have no tradition of shamanism; modern day society is terrified of madness because the western mind is a house of cards, and the people who built that house of cards know that it is a house of cards. We have a great phobia about the mind and hesitate when first principles are questioned, Rarer than corpses are the untreated mad and this is because we cant come to terms with it. As Terence McKenna says in a lecture on this subject: â€Å"a shaman is someone who swims in the same motion as a schizophrenic but the shaman has thousands and thousands of years of sanctioned technique and tradition to draw upon†¦Ã¢â‚¬  in a tribe if a child shows ‘schizophrenic’ tendencies they are immediately drawn away from society (but not rejected) and put under the care and tutelage of master shamans who will teach the child how to heal and enlighten the masses, in western society if someone is classified as a schizophrenic they are drawn out of society and told not necessarily verbally that they don’t fit in and are not of equal worth to the rest of society, they are locked up in asylums, equal to prisoners and numbed with drugs, this treatment makes schizophrenia incurable, Terence McKenna says in the same lecture â€Å"If you’ve ever bin in a mad house then you know that it is an environment calculated to make you crazy and keep you crazy †¦Ã¢â‚¬  . We will write a custom essay sample on The Link Between Shamanism and Schizophrenia or any similar topic only for you Order Now Culture is everywhere, it tells people what to do, what to believe and who they are. Culture embeds notions deeply inside people to the point where they are unaware of their presence these preconceived cultural notions dictate human life Culture determines who is going to be at the top of society and who is going to be at the bottom of society. The building blocks that make up a culture in turn make up weather someone is a schizophrenic or a shaman, for instance the Yanomamo people who live in the Amazon rainforest are a shamanic community, and their cultural building blocks are vastly different to those of New York City and it is because of these cultural building blocks that there are shamans in the Yanomamo culture and no schizophrenics, just like there are schizophrenics in New York City (western culture) and no shamans. This is due to the different cultures attitudes towards god, humanity and the earth. If you took a newly born baby who had a genetic predisposition towards Schizophrenia and dropped him off in the Amazon Rainforest, he would surely become a shaman. If you took a newly born baby who is from a long line of shamans and dropped him off in New York City, he would surely become a schizophrenic. Take away their culture and schizophrenics and shamans practically are one in the same. So far through researching the topic I have found that there is a startling resemblance between schizophrenic and shamanic tendencies. Both shamans and schizophrenics experience hallucinations and become very introverted and withdraw from ordinary realities. From the moment a person becomes schizophrenic or shamanic they are in a constant psychedelic state and perceive the world in a completely different way to normal people. What is different between schizophrenics and shamans is how that psychedelic potential manifests and conditions itself. For a schizophrenic the conditioning takes place the moment he/she is born, the schizophrenic experiences and neutral stimulus, ordinary reality, this then elicits an unconditioned response, ordinary perception, but as the child grows up he/she is subjected to a new unconditioned stimulus, culture, when this new unconditioned stimulus is repetitively paired with the neutral stimulus, ordinary reality, Eventually the neutral stimulus, ordinary reality, becomes a conditioned stimulus and begins to elicit a conditioned response, non ordinary perception which in turn makes the schizophrenics perception psychedelic. In a sense, this psychedelic state of perception is permanent, for the schizophrenic is most likely always going to be a member of his original culture. Only through the external manipulation of the taking of antipsychotic drugs can the schizophrenic come out of the permanent psychedelic state that he/she is in. the shaman is conditioned in a similar way When a shaman is born, the Conditioning process takes place. A neutral stimulus, ordinary reality, elicits an unconditioned response, ordinary perception. Eventually, when the shaman begins his rigorous training, he takes a powerful psychedelic, an unconditioned stimulus. This unconditioned stimulus, a powerful psychedelic, elicits an unconditioned response, non-ordinary perception. Eventually, The neutral stimulus, ordinary reality, becomes a conditioned stimulus and begins to elicit a conditioned response, non-ordinary perception . Thus, the shaman’s perception is made psychedelic. This psychedelic state is permanent, for a powerful psychological agent, such as a psychedelic substance, changes you forever. Counter-conditioning a psychedelic experience is extremely difficult. It may happen, however. The sychedelic substance that the shaman takes reinforces his mind to perceive the Psychedelic and the culture that the schizophrenic grows up in reinforce his mind to perceive the psychedelic. If the shaman stopped taking his psychedelics, and if the schizophrenic started taking his anti-psychotics, then their state of mind would change, and this change is solely a somewhat controllable change. Therefore, the schizophrenic, like the shaman, takes a substance in order to transcend, and this substance is culture, a psychedelic. The shaman’s act of taking a psychedelic and the schizophrenic’s act of taking a psychedelic is a somewhat controllable act. Shamans and schizophrenics both experience religion . Although schizophrenia is not seen as a religion unlike shamanism, many schizophrenics when experiencing delusions and hallucinations said is was a spiritual and religious experience which can be both positive and negative, sometimes their religious beliefs and faith can strengthen and comfort them, other schizophrenics can be rejected and contradicted by their faith because the delusions and hallucinations they have may challenge their beliefs, when this occurs schizophrenia itself sort of turns itself into a religion different from mainstream ones. Schizophrenics interpret a certain stimulus, the archetype of religion, in ways that don’t correspond with the accepted norm of their culture or rather the accepted religions of their culture. Shamans also interpret the archetype of religion but in ways that are accepted by their culture and religion. Shamans are accepted by their society where as schizophrenics are not. How to cite The Link Between Shamanism and Schizophrenia, Papers

Firm Offers A Collection Building Materialsâ€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Firm Offers A Collection Building Material? Answer: Introducation The Home Depot Inc is an organization that focuses to be a retailer of house development. The firm offers a collection of the building materials, items that develops the garden, the house and the items that are related to the lawn. The organization was established in the year 1978 and as time has passed the organization has been improving their business activities because of the ascent in the clientele base. The financial report of Home Depot Inc has been assessed and it is observed that the company has been growing by a wide margin for the past certain years. It has been viewed that for the certain number of years the income of the organization has raised by 6.86%, and on the other hand the net income of the organization has been increased to 13.53%. The gross margin of the company has been observed to be 34.14% and the net profit of the organization has been discovered to be 8.53%. The organization has an increased degree of return on equity as the valuation has been found to be around 20.36% to 23.7% which has been altogether higher than the industrial benchmark (Manchikanti et al., 2014). In the year 2017, the organization raised their reserve of cash by 12.58%, while the company gained from their activities and this affected the margin of cash flow that had a rise of 10.34%. The organization utilised 1.58 billion on their activities of business and even paid a sum of 7.87 billion for the cash flow financing. The ratio of debt to capital of Home Depot Inc had a valuation of around 85.27%, which has been significantly lower than the past year, which had valuation of around 329.98% (Reschovsky et al., 2015). Year after year, the revenue per share and the dividends per share had an increase to 18.03% and 16.95%. The optimistic financial in the dividend payout is a key factor as there are various organizations that pay a significant amount of money from their pro fit as dividend. After the assessment of the earnings per share and the dividend payout per share it has been noticed that the development of the organization has been situated to be the most noteworthy in accordance to the industrial competitors. By breaking down the financial pattern and the financial scenario of the organization, it has been viewed that the organization has the prospective for anticipated expansion as the profit of Home Depot Inc has been developing in regards to the past few years (Saxena, 2015). Home Depot Inc has estimated net earnings of $4530 million and by looking at the sustainable growth rate it can be said that the actual year after year will be growing and the company would be expanding significantly and would be in a better position that the other companies that are functioning in the same economy. The development of the organization has been pertinent as the net profit of Home Depot Inc has been rising year after year and consequently, by undertaking an observation at the financial development and performance of the company, it can be proposed that the organization has the capacity for anticipated growth in accordance to the year to year actual (Hirsch et al., 2016). Reference Hirsch, J. A., Manchikanti, L. (2014). The sustainable growth rate: a 2014 update. Journal of neurointerventional management, 6(6), 411-412. Hirsch, J. A., Harvey, H. B., Barr, R. M., Donovan, W. D., Duszak, R., Nicola, G. N., ... Manchikanti, L. (2016). Sustainable growth rate repealed, MACRA revealed: historical context and analysis of recent changes in Medicare physician payment methodologies. American Journal of Neuroradiology, 37(2), 210-214. Manchikanti, L., Staats, P. S., Boswell, M. V., Hirsch, J. A. (2015). Analysis of the carrot and stick policy of repeal of the sustainable growth rate formula: the good, the bad, and the ugly. Pain Physician, 18(3), E273-E292. Nguyen, A. P., Hyder, J. A., Wanta, B. T., Stelfox, H. T., Schmidt, U. (2016). Measuring intensive care unit performance after sustainable growth rate reform: An example with the National Quality Forum metrics. Journal of Health care, 36, 81-84. Reschovsky, J. D., Converse, L., Rich, E. C. (2015). Solving the sustainable growth rate formula conundrum continues steps toward cost savings and care improvements. Health Affairs, 10-1377. Saxena, S. (2015). Managed Sustainable Development: Classification Of Resources And Goods Services, Calculating Sustainable Growth Rate And The Sustainable Development Index.

Bloated Management Structure

Maya Angelou Essays - I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings, Maya Angelou

Maya Angelou Essays - I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings, Maya Angelou Maya Angelou A poet, an author, a play-write, an actress, a mother, a civil-rights activists, historian and most important a survivor. Perhaps Maya Angelou, award winning author of many books is one of the most influential African Americans in American history. I believe that she rates at the top of the list of American authors, with Hemingway, Hawthorne, and Voight. I believe through my research and reading of Maya Angelou that she should be among the members of The American Authors Hall of Fame. Maya was born on, April 4th, 1928 as Marguerite Johnson, in St. Louis Missouri. She was raised in Stamps Arkansas, by her Grandmother Annie Henderson and Her Uncle Willie. Stamps was a rural segregated community. However, it was tight knit between the African Americans. Maya grew up during a very difficult time period in American history. They were just recovering from the Great Depression, and learning how to deal with different races of people. Maya knew this and made it clear in her writing. "It was awful to be Negro and have no control over my life. It was brutal to be young and already trained to sit quietly and listen to charges brought against my color with no chance of defense. We should be dead. I thought I should like to see us all dead, one on top of each other. A pyramid of flesh with the whit folks on the bottom, . . . and then the Negro's." (Angelou Caged Bird 153) "If growing up was painful for the Southern Black Girl, being aware of her displacement is the rust on the razor that threatens the throat." (Angelou, Caged Bird) Page 2 Grandma Henderson was a very religious person, and a key factor in Maya's upbringing. as with the rest of the people of Stamps. Maya and her brother Baily were punished as necessary. She kept Baily and Maya out of trouble and on the right track. "A devout woman Grandmother Henderson led her family in prayer each day at 4:00am." (Aging and Human Development 181) When Maya was about six, she and Baily moved to St. Louis to live with her mother, and her boyfriend, Mr. Freeman. While staying in St. Louis, she was raped by Mr. Freeman. Afterwards, Mr. Freeman was killed. Maya was certain that her voice had the power to kill, after all, she was the one that told on him, so Maya became mute for the next two years. After returning to Stamps, a woman by the name of Bertha Flowers brought Maya out of her mute. "Mrs. Flowers she had the grace of control to appear warm in the coldest of weather... she acted just as refined as the white folks." (Angelou, Caged Bird 76-78) Mrs. Flowers brought the works of Shakespeare, Hawthorne, and many others to Maya. Mrs. Flowers made her read and recite the verses. Maya was about 11, Grandma Baxter moved her and Baily to San Francisco, California to escape to racial fights in the south. Maya was just as mystified with her mother now as when she first meets her in St. Louis. Maya would go to see her father every so often, until one summer he asked Maya to live with him for the summer. Maya's father often took trips to Mexico on the weekend. Maya went with him on one, just to find herself driving her drunken father home. When Maya returned home, she got into an awful fight with her father's girlfriend. Maya then ran away, became homeless, and lived in a junkyard. One year after Maya became homeless, she returned home with her mother. Maya Page 3 attended secondary school, and found herself a job being the first black conductorette on the San Francisco street cars. This was a great accomplishment in Maya's mind, she had done something that no one else has ever done. Maya was now about 16 years of age, and curious about sex. She thought that maybe she was lesbian, so to find out, she had sex with a friend, and ended up pregnant. Maya was only 16 years old. She was now the Mother of Guy Johnson. Maya moved to West Africa, and took up the job as a professor at The University of Ghana.

Develop a list of sources of financing for a small business Essay

Develop a list of sources of financing for a small business - Essay Example In this source, a proprietor uses own savings or borrows or sells a personal item such as bonds, mutual funds, stocks, or real estate to fund his/her business. In addition, one may use home-equity line of credit to finance own business. Furthermore, one could give loans or merely contribute money to own business. The other sources of contribution include family and friends with access to more cash than the proprietor does. The second sources of finance for small businesses are banks. In fact, in current times, banks have become quite instrumental not only in supporting already established small businesses but also in giving start-up loans for new small businesses (Burk & Lehmann, 2006). Unfortunately, banks have quite cumbersome conditions to be met before small business loans are approved. For instance, banks have to establish the credit worthiness of the borrowing business of person, more so with regards to a business’ money-making history. That is, commercial banks would wa nt to be assured that the loaned will be able to repay the lent sum plus the interests therein. It is thus imperative that the person seeking a loan from a bank draws up a good business plan in addition to the collateral against which the loan is to be given. If not, the borrower must have a guarantor or a cosigner who must satisfy the bank that he/she will repay the loan if the borrower fails to pay. Venture Capital Firms is the other common source of financing for small business. These firms give funds to small businesses considered and believed to have outstanding growth potential. On a rather negative note, quite a few small businesses are financed by venture capital firms. Being financed by venture capital firms is significantly unlike getting financed by bank loans. In fact, venture capital lenders have a right not only to the repayment of the capital but also on the interest earned by the loan, notwithstanding the profits or losses/failure

Evaluating the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) 15 USC 78dd1 - of Essay

Evaluating the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) 15 USC 78dd1 - of 1977 - Essay Example In 1970s, the market was gradually shifting towards globalization with many multinationals expanding to new markets. The result was that to gain advantage over other players in the market, some U.S firms and individuals bribed foreign government officials for considerations in awarding of contracts and business opportunities that promised increased returns in foreign markets. One of the major corruption scandals that even threatened the government was President Nixon’s Watergate scandal. In 1977, the Congress enacted the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977 that prohibited bribery of foreign firms or any official by any American corporation or individual. The act aimed at enhancing integrity and repairing the tainted perception of American firms locally and internationally by ensuring firms adhered to high levels of ethics and fairness. This paper will investigate the history behind the act and its respective amendments, the rationale behind implementation of the act, investi gating the efficacy of the policy, its implementation and recommending necessary amendments to make the act more effective. 2.0 History of the Act In the mid-1970s, numerous investigations, legal and administrative actions against many local corporations revealed numerous illegal and questionable payments to foreign businesses and government officials. The only mechanism at the time to deal with such payments was through the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), which investigated any public corporations for irregular deals concealed from the public (Seitzinger, 1999). The investigated cases were prosecuted by the Department of Justice, DOJ. Through such cases, the government realized that criminalization of bribery practices to foreign officials and enforcement of strict book keeping, accountability and disclosure of firm’s operations to the public were necessary to deal with increasing corruption cases involving American firms in foreign markets. Corruption cases had ba dly affected American foreign Policies, portraying a negative image of American Democracy abroad. Corruption had badly impaired public confidence in financial integrity in the country’s corporations (Seitzinger, 1999). To deal with these problems, the congress responded by passing the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, FCPA. The act was therefore as a result of market failure in ensuring integrity and safeguarding financial integrity in corporations. The act was also motivated by government failure in that the government had failed to effectively implement and put in place measures to reduce bribery under the provisions of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. The act had failed to ensure effective bookkeeping in corporations to account for all transactions. There was a general lack of elaborate internal accounting control systems that would have guaranteed management’s control, responsibility and authority over a firm’s assets (Seitzinger, 2010). As a public policy prescription, the act discouraged bribery of foreign officials through huge fines and jail terms, which discouraged many from the practice. The act encouraged an accountability culture that improved public’s perception of the country’s corporations. Such change of perception was necessary in ensuring investor confidence and improving the country’s image locally and internationally, which had been tainted by massive bribery and lack of strict financial accountability in

Approachability as a new supervisor Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Approachability as a new supervisor - Essay Example Approachability: The authentic magnetization of two people based on friendliness and common grounds [1] A very simple and beautiful definition of approachability is given by Scott Ginsberg is; "The word approachability derives from the Latin verb appropriare, which means "to come nearer to." Interesting. It doesn't say anything about the approach-er or the approach-ee. Just "to come nearer to." Approachability is a two way street. It's both you stepping onto someone else's front porch; and you inviting someone to step onto your front porch."[2] A Supervisor in an ideal situation works toward maintaining good and healthy communication between him/her and the rest of the staff in every permutation or combination possible. By ensuring that employees exchange opinions and work related problems, a good supervisor is always in the driving seat to make excellent work group. By dealing with communication as a two way process, a culture based on free opinions and free from conflicts is established. supervisor has many different roles (e.g., organizer, leader, evaluator, director, planner, developer, and resource manager). Supervisor's position allows him/her to combine the talents of employees under supervision to accomplish the objectives of the company. This work group helps to meet two of the most significant challenges - to accomplish the task effectively and efficiently, and to provide fulfilling work experiences that develop employee capabilities and potential. Supervisor works toward identifying common goals of the employees and makes sure that they are occupied in completing those goals. A supervisor has to take entire work force together to achieve professional goals and also inspire the new employees to follow present work culture. He/she should hold an open hand attitude toward others while keeping a strict eye on the workings. Another key personality trait is approachability. This quality is related to your human dimension and to how comfortable that people feel around you. Remember, approachability can be crucial in many situations. Consider scenarios when employees have problems in their work lives or personal lives, when they make mistakes on the job, when they want to discuss their salary and when they want to express concerns about you. Employees also want to approach you with positive feedback and new ideas that can help the organization to improve. If you are not approachable, employees often feel too much distance and discomfort. What is approachability It is a trust between two people that each will be available for the other when needed. Always being open to discuss/help and interact with each other is the central theme of approachability. As one may say, it is a measure of whether the person in question is approachable How easy is the conversation flow with him/her It is how your personality attracts and keeps people wanting to talk to you. In achieving this stage, most important attribute is your attitude and the way you carry yourself among a group. Every person is fond of interesting conversation, and also likes to increase ones knowledge base

Leadership style of a successful international businessman

Leadership style of a successful international businessman INTRODUCTION This essay explores the leadership style of a successful international businessman, Howard Schultz, the Chief Executive Officer of Starbucks coffee-house company, arguably the worlds most successful coffee company. Fellner (2008) credited Schultz with having a highly successful year in 2003 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ with a net sales of $4.1 billion (almost twice what it had earned in 2000 when it yielded $265 million (p.16). Schultz was ranked as the 354th richest person within the USA in 2006 with a net worth of over one billion dollars (Forbes.com, 2006). Schultz joined the Starbucks Company initially as an executive in the early 1980s before becoming chief executive officer in 1987 and was credited for developing the company into an internationally recognized brand and multi-national corporation (James, 2009). He took a step down from CEO to Chairman in 2000 and witnessed the company struggle through the economic down-turn before returning to the helm as CEO in 2008 and navigating the compa ny through an international expansionist strategy whilst reducing the number of physical companies in the domestic US market. The premise of relevant leadership theories and models will be used to analyze the topic of Schultzs leadership style. In particular, one will assess the type of skills that he has demonstrated in order to ascertain his style of leadership in terms of competencies and meta-competencies. This assignment will enable the reader to understand what makes a successful entrepreneur and global leader by providing a lens into their world-view. In conjunction with references to academic discourse, the components of this effective leader are illuminated through a personal bibliography within the following section. CRITICAL ANALYSIS: LEADERSHIP THEORIES AND SCHULTZS LEADERSHIP STYLE Burns (1978) introduced a theory on leadership that has had global implications for organizations. At the heart of Burns argument was a differentiation between two different types of leader: transformational and transactional. The latter often bases his approach on interactions and exchanges with those at lower organizational tiers in order to meet his desired strategic goals. In turn, his employees get what they require such as a salary, praise or promotion in exchange for what the leader values (such as effective performance levels). Conversely, a transformational leader seeks to redress employee/follower concerns and meet their desires whilst leading effectively and dealing with organizational issues at a higher contextual level. In this latter respect, followers are accorded respect and encouraged to develop as persons in their own right. They are also encouraged to participate at a collective level in order to ensure organizational objectives are met. Transformational Leaders te nd to adapt a selling style of leadership. The influence of this approach is captured in the following quote: [It] engenders high levels of motivation and commitment among followers/members. The emphasis is on generating a vision for the organisation and leaders abilities to appeal to the higher ideals and values of followers/members in order to achieve high performance, high commitment and high inclusion to an organisation or system (Rodgers et al; 2003: p.16). The emphasis shift from Transactional to Transformational leadership occurred in order to redress the hierarchical imbalance associated with Transactional theories by encouraging active participation and inclusion amongst followers. Discourse widely proffers that effective leadership development is an ambiguous and contested concept due in part to the variability of peoples leadership styles. Bryman (2007) argues that heroic and hierarchical forms of leadership that focus on a leaders competencies and behaviours have traditionally prevailed within business circles yet are increasingly unsuitable in the current and somewhat chaotic, global business environment (Collinson, Collinson, 2009: p.367). It is widely argued that modern leaders must eschew novel skill-sets, meta-competencies such as inter-personal skills and positive behaviours in order to increase organizational efficiencies and effectiveness (Kiel and Watson, 2009). Kutz discusses some of the tensions emanating from globali zation and free-market structures where a: Constant pressure to innovate, gives rise to continually changing contexts. In turn, these phenomena require executives and leaders to respond and adapt to quickly changing contexts (2008: p.18). Schultz recent advocated the use of mobile technology to enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of the company by accepting purchase payments through a mobile device. A Starbucks Card-Mobile iPhone application also enables use in a gift card capacity by presenting a technically secure QR bar code for baristas to scan in front of a high-tech 2D scanner during the payment process (Butcher, 2010). Participating customers now have the ability to reload their card balance via their mobile device using a major credit card. They also have the ability to check the status of their My Starbucks Reward status and to search for Starbuck stores in situ (ibid). From an historical perspective and before mobile technologies were piloted and implemented across New York Stores, Schultz had a vision to create 2000 physical stores by the year 2000. Some observers credit this vision with the driver behind Starbucks success. Schultz used his ability to translate this vision across the organizations management teams and supervisors who possessed micro level visions that directly sustained and supported his aims: His powerful communication skills define a leader who knows not only what he stands for, but also the values he promotes, and who knows how to make an emotional connection with his listeners (Bloomberg Businessweek, 2006: n.p). At a lower contextual level, management and supervisors directly supported their staff by providing them with the opportunity and resources to grow through various activities such as coaching, training, mentoring and educational opportunities. A shift towards a situated, networked and fluid leadership style based on n ovel forms of participation has been the consequence of Schultzs actions. Schultz stresses the importance of sharing both the success and the credit of entrepreneurship (Neff Citrin, 1999). Collinson Collinson cited research by Bolden et al. (2008, 2009) within the higher education establishments which identified strong evidence of distributed leadership. Conversely, and paradoxically, respondents (employees) also recognized the importance of powerful and inspiring leaders (2009: p.376). Schultz advocated the purchase of companies including Seattle Coffee Company in the UK and subsequently expanded their operations beyond the United States into Europe and South East Asia. By 2003 the number of stores rose to 6,000 and by 2010 approximately 16 thousand stores existed in over 50 countries (New York Times, 2010). The success of Starbucks has been attributed to Schultz collaborative style that contained powerful social essence, encouraged follower empowerment and which was seen as non-hierarchical and less-centralized compared to many other business models. Starbucks business strategy was driven by a man who exhibited effective leadership skills by empowering lower-tiered management and staff to participate in decision-making activities (associated with the 2000 vision) and by, for instance, providing universal healthcare for all employees. Starbucks uses 2 mission statements which are noted in the companys website: To inspire and nurture human spirit one person, one cu p, and one neighbourhood at a time and Starbucks is committed to a role of environmental leadership in all facets of our business (www.starbucks.com). James (2009) recently noted how the company still prides itself on its treatment of workers (baristas) who receive the same health benefits as all other tiers of the company: He gave baristas health care plus a share of the profit. When the AIDS epidemic was at its height, Starbucks paid for terminal illness care for employees for 29 months until the government took over (n.p). James also noted some of the current tensions facing Starbucks Corp and its CEO in particular. Schultz may have provided all employees with a 401(k) plan and stock options (including health benefits); however Starbucks Workers Union has restricted rights which limit its ability to defend staff against low-paid work and unsociable hours. James noted how Schultz stated: I was convinced that under my leadership, employees would come to realize that I would listen to their concernsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦If they had faith in me and my motives, they wouldnt need a union. On his return to the CEO fold in 2008, Schultz planned to dramatically reverse a decline in sales and achieve a turnaround in the companies financial performance at a time when the business world presumed that Starbucks had effectively lost its innovative edge. He advocated the closure of 300 US stores and cut hundreds of jobs yet aggressively opened hundreds of new stores beyond the US market (New York Times, 2010). Schultz took the decision to downsize in the US market and expand further globally with the support of his senior management team. This reflects Hughes, Ginnett, and Curphy (1999, p. 365), who found that: [members] solidify into an interdependent team of mutually supporting friends and colleagues (cited in Bentley et al; 2004). Tobak, (2009) questions whether Schultz had the vision at that time to acknowledge that Starbucks undertook such changes without foreseeing the problems that may ensue. He conveniently blamed the economic downturn  [1]  for much or Starbucks p roblems when in fact significant problems occurred approximately 18 months before the economy: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦took a nose dive. From January 2007 to August 2008, its share price was off 60 percent while the Nasdaq index was essentially flat. This is not about the economy, and Schultz knows it (n.p). Schultz stated in a recent July/August 2010 Harvard Business Review article: The past two years have been transformational for the company and, candidly, for me personally. When I returned, in January 2008, things were actually worse than Id thought. The decisions we had to make were very difficult, but first there had to be a time when we stood up in front of the entire company as leaders and made almost a confession-that the leadership had failed the 180,000 Starbucks people and their families. And even though I wasnt the CEO, I had been around as chairman; I should have known more. I am responsible. We had to admit to ourselves and to the people of this company that we owned the mistakes that were made. Once we did, it was a powerful turning point. Its like when you have a secret and get it out: The burden is off your shoulders. Cited in Petty (2010: n.p) In early 2009, the company bounced back and has seen more store traffic and renewed earnings growth with Starbucks shares raising to $24 a share. By spring 2010, the company: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦announced its first dividend to be paid in cash to investors. In April, the company said its profit rose more than eightfold in the second quarter, as more customers visited its stores and spent more (ibid: n.p). Kiel Watson (2009) suggest that most organizational issues encompass human rather than technical challenges and suggest: While no academic study has been conducted on this topic [affective leadership and emotional intelligence], we believe that [those] who are successful in developing the support of their communitiesare ones who expend considerable emotional labo[u]r (p.22). Schultz leadership style has been described in the following terms: They dont teach caring in business schools, and benevolence isnt usually discussed in corporate management seminars. But these values anchor Schultzs leadership philosophy as he seeks to build connections between people through demonstrations of heart and conscience. Starbucks baristas, for example, receive a Green Apron Book that exhorts them to be genuine and be considerate. And the company works hard to treat its coffee growers in Third World countries with dignity while purchasing their products at above-market prices (Meyers, 2005, p. 1) Lara Wyss, Starbucks director of global consumer public relations also noted how: The company is testing concept stores with various platforms that fit in with its Shared Planet pledge hat each new store built in 2010 will be Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) certified (Zegler, 2010: p.62). Starbucks has recently introduced three concept stores in Seattle, Disneyland Paris and London. The former was recently redesigned in the light of its heritage concept theme and uses various recycled and revamped materials as part of its dà ©cor. Schultz illustrated examples of effective leadership by embracing a culture of open communication and by constructing active partnerships with his work-force. Schultz style of leadership would be at odds with a somewhat aggressive and negative management style that reflected an authoritarian and hierarchical leadership approach, such as that adopted by Michael OLeary from Ryanair. A Wall Street Journal (2009) article highlighted OLeary s abhorrence and total disregard of trade union power within the airline industry and how his drive for cost savings included the prospect of refusing free food for airline staff if the opportunity arose. Further criticism was directed at him for a perceived lack of moral leadership by refusing to provide wheel chair assistance for disabled passengers (Box Byus, 2005: p.68). Conversely: Starbucks was among the first companies to provide medical benefits to part-time employees. Today, however, Starbucks is spending more on healthcare than on coffee, and the workforce is nervous about shrinking benefits. Were not ever going to turn our backs on our partners [employees], says Schultz reassuringly. Then he faces reality. But we need relief. Where is the money going to come from? (US.news.com, 2005) In this respect, Schultz and OLeary are clearly different types of leaders with opposing leadership styles, yet both have similar beliefs in regards to trade union power. Fellners (2008) book viewed Schultz as the leader of a coffee chain with a proffered liberal consciousness and whose reputation was paradoxically categorized as a symbol of globalization and all that is immoral with free-market capitalism. She found paradoxes in the basis of employee friendly structures that espouse universal healthcare provision with anti trade-unionist practices; and between what she perceived as community individuality and forms of cultural hegemony. Carroll, Levy Richmond (2008) discussed Alvesson and Sveningssons (2003abc) research findings which stipulated that numerous managers involved in leadership development may effectively articulate abstract ideals such as vision and inspiration. However, an inability to define or explain concrete actions undertaken in pursuit of such ideals was also d eemed prevalent (ibid). CONCLUDING NOTES This section will provide a conclusion to the assignment and discuss some of its limitations. It was noted within the main body of text how different leadership styles can influence employee motivation and job satisfaction. A clear comparison can be made between Schultz leadership style and that of a successful entrepreneur in another industry (Michael OLearys Ryanair airline company). It was also discussed above how various leadership styles impact upon employee motivation and job satisfaction. Nelson and Quick (2006) attributed Schultzs leadership to a transformational style because his caring and generous nature reflects transformational leadership qualities. In some respects, it is clear that Schultz shows concern for the whole Starbucks organization and exhibits openness and debate amongst its employees and management rather than pursuing activities out of his own selfish interests. Spillane proposes that: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ from a distributed perspective, leadership practice takes shape in the interactions of people and their situation, rather than from the actions of an individual leader (2004: p.3). In realist terms, Fellner (2008) illuminated the chaotic social and business blend that Schultz embraces which seeks to maximize corporate profit by targeting new markets (foreign markets, mobile technology markets) whilst exhibiting sufficient social justice tendencies. It is this paradox that has led Schultz and his team to constantly align itself with one set of principles whilst seeking solace in another set of principles that are arguably at opposing sides of the spectrum. Collinson Collinson (2009) noted how Cameron et al. (2006) viewed effective leaders as: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦simultaneously paradoxical, integrating factors usually seen as competing, contradictory and even incompatible (ibid: 377). Schultz seems to have used high degrees of emotional intelligence by seeking alliances and partnerships within the Starbucks organization, rather than thrive on adversity and seek economic benefit from unethical channels. As noted above, OLearys approach to staff meals and customer wheel chairs highlight his domineering and hierarchical leadership approach whilst Schultz willingness to support employees suffering from HIV shows aspects of social justice in his personality traits. Schultz embraced change and development in a chaotic, competitive and complicated external environment. He seemed to display a significant amount of vision and emotional intelligence in order to transform the status quo into a global brand in over 50 countries. Overall, the literature suggests that modern leaders must provide effective leadership skills that compliment and encompass traditional management skills. These are increasingly linked to emotional intelligence, empowerment, empowerment, reflection, the ability to take risk without apprehension and the need to reflect upon the ethical and moral consideration of others. Schultz openness for social and ethical practices in pursuit of Starbucks business objectives has been applauded by many observers. Much of Schultz skills included trust building, negotiating with opponents and encouraging mutual co-operation. Therefore, one must possess a combination of hard, technical and softer, intuitive leadership skills in order to solidify their role as an effective leader in all situations. They must also be charismatic and inspirational yet calculated risk takers in order to navigate their respective organizations through the chaos and complexity (for instance, see Wheeler et al., 2007 in Coll inson Collinson, 2009)

Internet Marketing and Promotion Strategy Essay -- Internet Marketing

Broad Markets Goals (monthly) Exposures Conversion Rate Conversions ATV 900K .1% 4 $750 Top 3 Sites Website Impressions Traffic Visitor Profile Demographic Segmenting Facebook.com 100,000 About 124M Methodical Spontaneous -18-52 years old -Male & Female Twitter.com 100,000 About 27M -College student or graduate -Income $28-$100k+ -Any ethnicity -Interested in starting a business or developing business marketing Linkedin.com 100,000 About 60M Ad Formats The ad format for broad marketing will be static images. All three websites will use the same image for branding consistency and so that each campaign can be easily calculated. The image will have a brand heading, message describing the promotion (10% off), and the same call to action. These variables will be changed monthly to calculate the effectiveness. The imagery will be simple and the text will target startup and small to medium sized businesses. Messaging Strategy The messages’ main objective is to spread brand awareness and to present WebCom Marketing’s website and design solutions, along with a promotion, and a call to action. The solutions will include: marketing management, online advertising, and marketing agency solutions. The messaging will target methodical visitors by emphasizing WebCom Marketing’s as an alternative solution to having in-house marketing costs, and WebCom Marketing’s expertise. Separate messages will target spontaneous visitors by providing last minute solutions for businesses. Main Goals of Ad Exposures The main goal of the ad exposure is to consistently create similar brand awareness across each broad marke... ...isitors are more likely to search for more universal terms than non-brand specific terms. Once the visitor has landed on the landing page, they are now considered a conversion. Other results that will be measured are the landing page’s ability to retain the visitor, the call to action’s ability to capture the visitor, and other notes about the visitor’s behavior. Special Offers and Incentives SEO discounts will be similar to the other campaigns’ 10%, initially, and it will be recorded by the means of number of clicks, and filling out the specific form, or providing the promo number over the phone. The offers on the landing pages and mediums used will include a expiration term to support acting quickly. Visitors Conversions Revenue Cost Discounting Percent Cost/Revenue Ratio 675 7 $5,063 $3,500 10% 79.14% Summary of Projected Revenue and Costs (monthly)

Mary Wigman

Mary Wigman: Witch Dance Word Count: 1120 Through her simplification and breaking down of theatrical and aesthetic dance, Mary Wigman stands as one of the most inspirational figures of 20th century dance. Her unique use of theatrical elements such as masks, sound, costume and movement created an evolution of dance that was never seen before. Her use of the character, The Witch, changed the world’s views on dance forever, and inspired a revolution of artistic quality all around Europe.In this essay I will discuss whether or not The Witch in Wigmans work stands as an interpretation of her role in society, and her aspirations for future dance forms. Mary Wigman’s Witch Dance epitomized the breaking away from conventional concepts and traditions. Through her modernistic choreography she captured the true essence of dance. There was no conformity or theatricality to it. Instead, she used elements that would speak directly to the audience (Muller, 1986, pp. 173-184). The arch aic image of the witch expressed the elements of Wigman’s own identity.She expresses her modernistic identity in her breaking away of the social and cultural boundaries that besieged her time error. She also physically identifies herself as a witch, absorbing the viewer with the magical essence of her imagination. Through her movements she was able to personify this strong presence of the witch (Gunhild, 1992, pp. 35-49). She stressed the common association of the image of a witch with that of fear and apprehension of losing control over both body and mind.This fear was created to be extended to the audiences watching the piece (Chritiane & Finnan, 2006, pp. 76-84). One of Wigman’s most praised techniques in dance was her use of breathing. She believed that a dancers expression could be built to a climax simply through the pace and tone of their breathing. Through inhalation and exhalation the dancers were able to create both tension and tranquility. In addition to thi s her dance techniques were also highly revolutionary.Wigman did not believe that dance should be performed merely for entertainment purposes (Chritiane & Finnan, 2006, pp. 76-84). She diverged herself from the conventional practices of dance, such as ballet, and formed her own unique dance language that stripped away the aesthetic movement that was generally accepted at the time. The movement which she used in her pieces was unrestricted and she made use of percussion instead of traditionally orchestrated aesthetic music (Muller, 1986, pp. 173-184).This made the audience focus more on the properties of the dance itself then the external features of it. Wigman’s dances hypnotized the viewer with its powerful yet highly abstract choreography. Her use of repetitive gestures in her choreography helped to carve their cultural roles. She broke away from conventions by pulling away from the aesthetics of ballet. She did this by avoiding following fixed choreography, dancing barefoo t and using eccentric music and percussion (Gunhild, 1992, pp. 35-49).The cultural context in which Mary Wigman’s lived was a very restricted and conservative society. Wigman grew up in Germany during the Weimer republic. This was a time of extreme change in Germany. Ausdruckstanz had been ubiquitous in Germany from the start of the 20th century, and there was a definite cultural and social revolution taking place. Along with this was the reign of feminism taking place worldwide. These ideologies and social changes showed up significantly in Wigman’s choreography. Before Wigman, dance was primarily based on sexuality (Jiyun, 2007, pp. 27-437). Exoticism was instrumental in the audiences appeal to it. Wigman broke away from these ideals by performing characters which held modernistic significance (Muller, 1986, pp. 173-184). Before Wigman, women were often portrayed in dance as modest and simple characters. Wigman changed this view by primarily using female dancers and depicting females as strong and powerful beings. Wigman’s performances challenged the static social dynamics of the time. She created an atmosphere of respect between the female dancers and herself.She allowed for a strong female subject in her pieces that provided females, who were previously oppressed, with a firm identity and place in society. Previously, male choreographers had objectified woman in their choreography. Wigman aimed at individualizing women and breaking away from the sensual image that they previously conformed to (Valerie & Lahusen, 1990, pp. 8-10). Wigman’s choice of using the witch figure in her choreography was partly influenced by her attempt to emphasize the roots of dance and highlight feminist ideals.Through her dances she strove to elevate her art to a new culture and change her own identity to that of a goddess. The witch figure stood as a solution to the concept of Ausdruckstanz (Valerie, 1998, pp. 298-304). This concept introduced a confl iction between the desire to have their dance accepted by society but maintain a strong level of originality at the same time. Wigman’s dance focused primarily on raw and natural movement to truly capture the fresh expressiveness of her work.Through her work she hoped to portray a new vision of life. She wanted her work to be characterized by its dark and somewhat masculine nature. She explored the different ways in which the body could express itself (Valerie & Lahusen, 1990, pp. 8-10). She tried to use freedom of movement in expressing her sensuality and accepted that improvisation was the first step toward composition. The important thing about Wigman’s choreography was that even those who misunderstood it were inspired by the energy of her performances.The audience seldom failed to recognize the energy and life in Wigman’s choreography (Gunhild, 1992, pp. 35-49). The witch in Wigmans choreography represented the overcoming of human mortality and deficiencies through her new religion of dance. The dances were not sets of beautifully displayed images, but were created through disfigured movement that held no consideration for the viewer’s enjoyment. She ripped the space apart through her dance and engaged in the emptiness and diversity of the space.In conclusion, Wigman played a truly inspirational role in the modernization of dance in the 20th century. It would seem that Kolb’s statement regarding the feminist and demonic quality would be true with regards to the time error that she found herself in. The Witch not only represented woman as a powerful figure, but it highlighted the abstract quality of her dance. Wigman changed the face of dance forever through her diverse and unconventional ways of thinking. The way she broke away from conformist ideals still serves as inspiration to the dance we have today. Works Cited

Ink Made from Teabags Essay

* 1. Background of the Study Tea is created by using the leaves of a plantknown as Camellis sinensis. This plant is native tomainland China, South and Southeast Asia, but it istoday cultivated across the world in tropical andsubtropical regions. It is an evergreen shrub orsmall tree that is usually trimmed to below 2 m(6.6 ft) when cultivated for its leaves. It has astrong taproot. The flowers are yellow-white, 2.5-4cm (0.98-1.6 in) in diameter, with 7 to 8 petals. * 2. Tea-drinking can be traced back to the 10thcentury BC in China before it was spread toKorea and Japan. Basically, this drink is madeby brewing tea leaves to create an extract. Dueto the chlorophylls and other pigments in theleaves, the extract commonly appears with abrown color. * 3. Objectives This research is being done to find out thepotency of the extract of the leaves from theplant Camellis sinensis as an ink. Nowadays,ink is a pigment in a liquid or paste form used ascolorants and dyes. Also, they are becomingmore and more expensive because of theirincreasing purposes. * 4. Our research aims to produce this ink as acheaper alternative to those commercial ones.Compared to the ink we are aiming to create,commercially produced inks are toxic and canbe hazardous to a person’s health once there isa inappropriate contact with it.To match with the color and consistency ofother inks, we will be adding other substances,specially vinegar and cornstarch, which arecommon and easy to find. * 5. Statement of the Problem Generally, this investigatory project aims to find out iftea bags can be used to create an ink. Specifically, it aimsto answer the following questions:1. Can vinegar strengthen the color of the product, ink?2. Can cornstarch contribute to achieving the rightconsistency of the ink?3. Are the processes boiling and straining efficient intaking the extract out of the tea bags? * 6. Hypothesis of the Study†¢ Extracts taken from tea bags have thepotential to be made into an ink. †¢ If vinegar and cornstarch are added to themixture, then the product would have astronger color and thicker consistency than toan ordinary ink. * 7. Significance of the Study This investigatory project will benefit us byproducing an alternative for other inks. Theseother manufactured inks nowadays come quiteexpensive prices, but since the materials to beused in our project are common and easy to find,you will be spending less money. Also, no harmfulchemicals will be used in making our ink.Therefore, it is non-toxic compared tocommercially sold inks which have the tendenciesof causing harm to one’s health and to theenvironment. * 8. Scope and Limitations Our research and experiments are onlylimited to making a simple ink as a colorant. Itdoes not include inks that are used in machinessuch as printers, copiers, etc. Also, our studyincludes the effects of vinegar and cornstarchon the product. To have accurate observations,we will be creating two set-ups: an ink withoutvinegar and cornstarch and one with vinegarand cornstarch. * 9. This history of Chinese inks can be traced back tothe 18th century BC, with the utilization of naturalplant dyes, animal, and mineral inks based on suchmaterials as graphite that were ground with water andapplied with ink brushes.The India ink used in ancient India since at least the4ath century BC was called masi, and was made ofburnt bones, tar, pitch, and other substances appliedwith sharp pointed needle.Saffron is well know as the source of a truly brilliant ifrather fugitive yellow and there is evidence of it’s use,both as a colorant and medicine, in the Greek andPersian civilizations of the same period. * 10. Indian skill in vegetable dyeing and painting reached ahigh point inthe two centuries from 1600 to 1800 AD, when the paintingand resist dyeing of cotton cloth known to us as Chintzbecame the basis of the largest trade in textiles that the worldhad ever seen. The Strasbourg manuscript of an earlier period, also describesthe use of a whole range of plants used in the manufacture ofinks and water-colours. Later we see developments invegetable block-printing inks in 17th and 18th century Japanwhere it is interesting to note that some colours were actuallyleached from previously dyed cloth.Early historical accounts of tea are unclear, for the Chinesecharacter for tea had not been standardized, and severalother Chinese characters appear in books referring very likelyto the same plant, Camellia Sinensis, what we now call tea. * 11. Tea dyeing is an easy way to mute fabrics or give theman older, antiqued look. Tea stains the fibers and gives asemi-permanent dull brown â€Å"dirty† tone to the wholepiece. It is used when you want to â€Å"antique† a craft textilesuch as a doll dress or small quilt.Griffiths uses the medium of tea and ink (sometimesgraphite, wodka, whiskey, and others) to create the pieces. Tea and ink as a medium has become a trademark for Griffiths in the art world. * 12. Set-Up AExperimental Set-up * 13. Materials:ââ€"  7 teanagsââ€"  1  ½ cups of waterââ€"  1 tablespoon of vinegarââ€"  Cornstarchââ€"  Strainer and forkââ€"  Bottle * 14. PROCEDURE ââ€"  Place the 7 teabags in 1  ½ cups of boilingwater. * 15. ââ€"  Create the tea for 6-8 minutes * 16. ââ€"  Remove the teabags from the boilingwater. Use a strainer and a fork to removeall the extracts. * 17. ââ€"  While stirring the tea, add a tablespoonof vinegar. * 18. ââ€"  Continue to stir it. Add as muchdissolved cornstarch as you need to haveyour desired consistency. * 19. ââ€"  Remove it from the heat and let itcool. When done, store in a bottle * 20. Set-Up BControlled Set-up * 21. Materials:ââ€"  7 teanagsââ€"  1  ½ cups of waterââ€"  1 tablespoon of vinegarââ€"  Cornstarchââ€"  Strainer and forkââ€"  Bottle * 22. PROCEDURE ââ€"  Place the 7 teabags in 1  ½ cups ofboiling water. * 23. ââ€"  Create the tea for 6-8 minutes * 24. ââ€"  Remove the teabags from the boilingwater. Use a strainer and a fork to removeall the extracts. * 25. ââ€"  Remove it from the heat and let it cool.When done, store in a bottle. * 26. FINDINGS During the procedure itself, we have observed theboiling is an effective process of extraction. Rightafter we have placed the teabags in the boiling water,the change of color is very noticeable. During thisstep the mixture had a very strong smell form the tea.While following the procedures for the set-up Awhich included the placing of vinegar, there was noimmediate change in color as we expected. Instead,the vinegar’s effect was seen when we tried to paintthe two Inks on paper. While applying the ink onpaper, it was harder to use Ink B because it’sconsistency was very watery. Thus it became runnyand scattered unlike ink A. * 27. After letting them dry, it was seen thatink A had darker color while ink Bswritings faded. * 28. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS Our hypothesis which states that teabags have thepotential to be made into an ink if vinegar andcornstarch is added is proven correct. We had twoset-ups which were Set-up A that has vinegar andSep-up B that has no vinegar. Vinegar is mainly adilute aqueous solution of acetic acid which is animportant reagent and industrial chemical, mainlyused in the production of cellulose acetate. * 29. A cellulose acetate is used as film base inphotography and a film base is a transparentsubstance which acts as a support medium for thephotosensitive emulsion that lies atop it, its basegenerally accounts for the vast majority of thethickness of any given film stock. The addition of vinegar and cornstarch in making anink can result to a thicker consistency and consistentcolor which is better for the usage of the ink. Ourobservation prove that adding vinegar to themixture can be made into an ink because withoutthe vinegar there would be no consistency on themixture and it will be less seen. * 30. SUMMARY There are many different kinds of ink. In ourexperiments we will use tea bags as the maincomponent of out ink. Having two different set-ups will provide the chance to compare the colorsand consistencies. Cornstarch is an efficientadditive to have the right consistency of theproduct. Also vinegar is also efficient, throughthere is no obvious change in color, it was seenthat it gave the ink a consistent color whetherwere dry. * 31. We therefore conclude the one can create animprovised ink using the extract from tea bags.This will be very convenient and cheapbecause the ingredients to be used arecommonly found around the house. Also, thesaid processes, boiling and straining, are canbe easily done. * 32. CONCLUSIONââ€"  Tea bags can be used to create an ink.ââ€"  Vinegar can strengthen the color of theproduct, ink.ââ€"  Cornstarch effectively contributes toachieving to the right consistency of the ink.ââ€"  The processes boiling and straining areefficient in taking the extract out of the teabags.

HumanitiesGrecoRoman Culture essays

HumanitiesGrecoRoman Culture essays Aristophanes was a "craft" comedy poet in the fourth century B.C. during the time of the Peloponnesian War. Aristophanes' usual style was to be too satirical, and suggesting the outlandish. He shows little mercy when mocking Socrates and his "new-fangled ideas" which were most likely designed to destroy the cohesiveness of society and lead to The most absurd and humorous of Aristophanes' comedies are those in which the main characters, the heroes of the story, are women. Smart One of the most famous of Aristophanes' comedies depicting powerfully effectual women is the Lysistrata, named after the female lead character of the play. It portrays Athenian Lysistrata and the women of Athens teaming up with the women of Sparta to force their husbands to end the To make the men agree to a peace treaty, the women seized the Acropolis, where Athens' financial reserves are kept, and prevented the men from squandering them further on the war. They then beat back an attack on their position by the old men who have remained in Athens while the younger men are out on campaign. When their husbands return from battle, the women refuse to have sex with them. This sex strike, which is portrayed in a series of (badly) exaggerated and blatant sexual innuendoes, finally convinces the men of Athens and Sparta to agree to a The Lysistrata shows women acting bravely and even aggressively against men who seem resolved on ruining the city-state by prolonging a pointless war and excessively expending reserves stored in the Acropolis. This in turn added to the destruction of their family life by staying away from home for long stretches while on military campaign. The men would come home when they could, sexually relieve themselves, and then leave again to continue a senseless war. The women challenge the masculine role model to preserve...

Applied Mathematics in Music Technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

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The symptoms of schizophrenia at an early stage and treatment can be Research Paper

The symptoms of schizophrenia at an early stage and treatment can be provided to the patien - Research Paper Example This essay analyzes schizophrenia as a brain disorder where a person is unable to think in a normal way rather the thoughts are distorted, actions as well as emotions are abnormal. The perception of the person is unclear and the individual displays massive amount of behavioral as well as biological perturbation and therefore schizophrenia is regarded as split personality disorder. Schizophrenia is a condition of intricacy of devastating illness, a pathophysiological phenotypic observation is required and thus a thorough understanding of the condition is imperative for the timely cure. Innovative methods must be implemented to enhance the pace of diagnosis of the condition. The present research proposal encompasses innovative methods to diagnose the condition of schizophrenia and implementation of appropriate and timely measures. The proposed study is based on the symptom rating scale scores, although redundancy is observed in the rating scales but a association is essential to highli ght the positive and negative characteristics of schizophrenia on the PANS scale. One of the major problems of treatment of patients with mental illness is non adherence to psychotropic medications. Non-adherence to psychotropic medication has soared as high as 90% in the first year in patients taking psychotropic medications. Observation reveals that patients with schizophrenia normally stop their antipsychotic medications mainly because they do not consider the requirement of the medicines to be essential for their well-being and also due to lack of understanding of the mental illness.... One of the drawbacks of PROS encompasses the non-addressed symptoms within the first three visits. If the patient sees Associate Chief Psychiatrist, an evidence based practitioner and a social worker who will be performing the administration of the test. It is essential to procure the opinion of these three individuals in order to achieve success. Problem Statement One of the major problems of treatment of patients with mental illness is non adherence to psychotropic medications. Non-adherence to psychotropic medication has soared as high as 90% in the first year in patients taking psychotropic medications (Weiden, 2007). Observation reveals that patients with schizophrenia normally stop their antipsychotic medications mainly because they do not consider the requirement of the medicines to be essential for their well-being and also due to lack of understanding of the mental illness (Sajatovic, 2010). Severe symptoms cause frustration in patients making them unendurable to participate in groups. Despite extensive evidence and agreement on effective mental health practices for persons with severe mental illness, research shows that routine mental health programs do not provide evidence based practices on the great majority of their patients with such illness (Drake, 2001). Evidence based practice is not always used in the program setting, however the present proposal aims at developing and implementing evidence based practice in the organization. The research proposes a methodology that is able to combat problems in the implementation of the PROS ( Personal Recovery Oriented Services), protocols. Description of organization The present proposal is to be implemented in capstone, a

School Closing Essay Example for Free

School Closing Essay Abstract When I was in school many years age classes were over crowed and merely getting a seat was was an issue, and my parents paid for my education. Being a former resident of Philadelphia I completely understand why parents our out raged at our law makers. There is two sides to every story and I can truly say I understand both in this case. Politicans are also outraged by this what seems to an injustice to our future Doctors, Lawyers and law makers, which may be non exsistent in the future due to the buget crisis and our public as well as catholic schools losing the battle to low enrollment. One editor wrote (Dixon,2012) Why Isnt Closing 40 Philadelphia Public Schools National News? â€Å"In what should be the biggest story of the week, the city of Philadelphias school system announced Tuesday that it expects to close 40 public schools next year and 64 by 2017. The school district expects to lose 40% of current enrollment to charter schools, the streets or wherever, and put thousands of experienced, well qualified teachers, often grounded in the communities where they teach, on the street†. The media has a way of getting their points across however, sadly this is true and close to my heart because I grew up in philadelphia back in the late 70s early 80s and it was no walk in the park than. Closing public and parochicoal schools will merely increase crime and damage our economy even more. School Closing In early January last year the Archdiocese of Philadelphia announced that five catholic high schools as well as 44 elementary would be closing or merging to avoid having to close. Here we are a year later and the guns are locked, loaded and pointed directly at the inner city children. A couple weeks ago the Philadelphia public school system announced that they will be closing 37 inner city public schools. How can the children be our future and take our country to a better place if we do not invest in ther education its really sad that we have money for war but not for education. Superintendent Dr. William R. Hite (Hite,2013) introduced Philadelphia parents, teachers, and students to his â€Å"Action Plan†. The Action Plan is built around two anchor goals – improve academic outcomes for students in all schools and ensure the financial stability and sustainability of the School District. The primary objective is to align all employees’ work to six strategies and more than 50 actions. The plan also intends to signal a comprehensive overview of ongoing and future work in addition to performance metrics for accountability to families, students and community and business partners. â€Å"This Action Plan emphasizes solutions to basic problems based on evidence and facts,† said Dr. Hite. â€Å"We must use data and research more effectively than we’ve done in the past. We are getting back to the basics – doing what works and doing it well.† What Dr. Hite failed to add in his plan was a safe haven for our future (children).

One Of The Latest Buzzwords Tourism Essay

One Of The Latest Buzzwords Tourism Essay One of the latest buzzwords that have come into general usage in the world of tourism is that of Integrated Resorts. Over the last two decades, a number of large tourist integrated resorts have been developed around the world, many of which have become highly popular holiday destinations. The growth in tourism generated by these integrated resorts has brought significant economic and social benefits to their respective countries, including increased foreign exchange earnings, direct and indirect employment. In addition, the resorts development has stimulated local and regional development, encouraging new local industries and international trade. The success of these integrated resorts can be largely attributed to the adoption of an integrated approach to their development, caretirl planning and implementation that took into consideration regional environmental, economic and socio-cultural factors. This kind of approach helps minimise environmental, socio-economic and marketing probl ems often associated with uncontrolled tourism development. The development of integrated resorts has grown rapidly over the last two decades also as a reaction to the proliferation of unplanned beach resorts. On the supply side, many governments have increasingly turned to integrated resort developments in an attempt to improve the well-being of the local population by generating iobs and increasing income, and private investors have seen integrated resorts as a way to maximise their profits, while on the demand side, statistics are not available on the relative proportion of tourist demand for integrated resorts. In the context of globalisation and widening international tourist markets, it is acknowledged that integrated resorts offer great opportunities to visitors for leisure, recreation and sports, but due to the difficulty in assessing the impacts that may result from the construction of an integrated resort, as plans for integrated resorts are developed by consultancy iiirms and private investors that rarely publish or divulge their secrets before resort operation, most research has been conducted only after the construction of integrated resorts. The notion of integrated resorts came into plrominence in Mauritius after the successful approval ofthe environmental impact assessment report and construction of Tamarina Golf, Spa and Beach Club that is the first integrated resort in Mauritius. 1.1 Tourism Industrv in Mauritius Mauritius has considerable natural advantages as a holiday destination such as beautiful coral beaches, warm clear lagoons, colouriixl reefs, picturesque mountains, a subtropical climate, a southern hemisphere location, an atmosphere that is exotically different, yet safe and stable, and people who are friendly and welcoming. These Advantages have been exploited with attractive well run hotels with good amenities, direct and reliable air services, efficient supporting infrastructure and effective marketing as an up-market quality destination. It is therefore hardly surprising that tourist arrivals have been rising by more than 8 percent a year and the tourism industry has become one of the most dynamic sectors of the economy, accounting for 19 per cent of gross export earnings and providing employment directly and indirectly for about 50,000 people. However, there are problems. Average spending per visitor has not been going up as fast as hoped, and there have been some signs of adverse reactions at tourist numbers and behaviour. Infrastructure constraints have developed in the form of congestion at peak times at the airport and inadequate efiluent treatment leading to deterioration in water quality in some of the lagoons_ In the longer term, there will be more general environmental constraints, in the form of limits to the capacity for absorbing ever increasing numbers of visitors in a small densely populated country with a finite length of beaches and a sensitive coastal ecology. It will be necessary in fixture to place a ceiling on the number of tourists in order to protect the environment and, indeed, the fixture of the tourism industry itself Mauritius has been very successful in attracting foreign direct investment (FDI) in the 197Os. However there has been a decline in the growth of FDI since the mid-19S0s, particularly i n the manufacturing sector. However, FDI growth has started to pick up again since 2005, led by the tourism sector, particularly the Integrated Resort Scheme as illustrated below. Foreign Direct Investment by Sector, 2003-2007 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 (USD million) Export Processing Zone 2.7 8.7 3.6 2.8 2.2 Tourism 3.4 4.2 18.2 83.0 144.0 Banking 46.0 10.9 15.4 111.0 70.0 Telecommunications 0 1.3 5 _ 9 1 .4 0. 5 Other 16.8 37.8 52.0 30.7 64.3 Total 68.9 62.9 95.1 228.9 281.0 As illustrated above, tourism has proved to be a credible alternative source of foreign currency earnings. However the country will not be able to cope with a policy of mass tourism which is unsustainable. Also the characteristic of the country, which is a Small Island Developing States (SIDS) facing special disadvantages associated with small size, insularity, remoteness and proneness to natural disasters, limits the prospect of tourism development. Hence since the economy of the country is highly vulnerable and the totnism industry having reached its carrying capacity, therefore sustainable tourism development is very instrumental. Mauritius has therefore resorted to the rejuvenation of its tourism life cycle, as this is nearing or has reached the stagnation stage, through the development of an alternative luxurious product known as Integrated Resort, as illustrated below. This good mix of tourism and real estate development has been high on governmentsagenda and has led to governments intervention in the tourism sector with the twin objective of tourism rejuvenation and FDI increase. 1.2 Aims of study The development of the tourism industry in Mauritius has been considered as an important economic diversification tool for the nation. Realizing the importance of the tourism industry in the economic development of Mauritius, government has initiated the Integrated Resort Scheme. Therefore the aim of this dissertation is primarily to conduct an investigation regarding development and impacts of integrated resort in Mauritius. 1.3 Objectives of study This study purports to investigate the anticipated and current socio-economic and environmental impacts of integrated resorts in the Mauritian context. In particular, this study will aim to achieve the following objectives: To investigate the context of integrated resort development and its aims and objectives in the development of Mauritius tourism. To know the criticisms about the initiation of integrated resort in Mauritius. To determine the positive impact of integrated resort in terms of society, economy and environment of Mauritius. To know the negative impact of integrated resorts in terms of society, economy and environment of Mauritius. To recommend guidelines for sustainable integrated resort development and minimizing negative impacts of integrated resort development. This good mix of tourism and real estate development has been high on governmentsagenda and has led to governments intervention in the tourism sector with the twin objective of tourism rejuvenation and FDI increase. 1.2 Aims of study The development of the tourism industry in Mauritius has been considered as an important economic diversification tool for the nation. Realizing the importance of the tourism industry in the economic development of Mauritius, government has initiated the Integrated Resort Scheme. Therefore the aim of this dissertation is primarily to conduct an investigation regarding development and impacts of integrated resort in Mauritius. 1.3 Objectives of study This study purports to investigate the anticipated and current socio-economic and environmental impacts of integrated resorts in the Mauritian context. In particular, this study will aim to achieve the following objectives: 0 To investigate the context of integrated resort development and its aims and objectives in the development of Mauritius tourism. 0 To know the criticisms about the initiation of integrated resort in Mauritius. 0 To determine the positive impact of integrated resort in terms of society, economy and environment of Mauritius. 0 To know the negative impact of integrated resorts in terms of society, economy and environment of Mauritius. 0 To recommend guidelines for sustainable integrated resort development and minimising negative impacts of integrated resort development. Chapter 2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 2.1 Tourism Impact Mauritius has built its successful up market tourism sector on a fragile and vulnerable natural resource. The growth of the tourist industry in an unplanned manner has led to the following negative impacts:  » High volume tourism has made an enormous impact on parts of the coast. There are plenty of examples of virtually every imaginable type of tourism impact on the environment, including the destruction of coastal wetlands and other sensitive environments, organic pollution and coastal erosion for example. Flic en Flac. 0 There are problems associated with monitonng and auditing due to institutional weaknesses. Most casual tourists bring their own equipment and are relatively self-contained, thus bringing in minimal cash into the country while making a large impact on the enviromnent for example tourists from Reunion and other islands of the Indian Ocean. y 2.2 Tourism Environmental Impacts The natural environment is under increasing threat hom unmanaged human activities, and in assessing the impacts of tourism, it is essential to adopt a holistic view that recognises both the direct and indirect consequences of tourism activities and their intrinsic link with other sectors (Glenn Kreag 2001). Growth in the tourism sector may generate new impacts on the coastal zone but also raise the intensity of existing impacts by placing additional burdens on resources that are already overextended. For this is a feature of human settlement and not just of tomism. However, where this is exacerbated by a significant increase in the number of visitors and people employed within the industry, the tourism sector must take responsibility for providing solutions to the causes of environmental degradation. The major environmental impacts identified and theiR direct consequences on tourism development as well as impacts associated with activities that support the tourism sector are highligh ted as: * Water Resources and River Ecosystem * Estuaries and Wetlands * Soil Erosion and Sedimentation * Waste Disposal and Pollution * Coastal Erosion * Marine Resources * Recreational Activities 2.3 Tourism Economic Impact In the developing world, economic impacts frequently outweigh other considerations when it comes to tourism development. The need for foreign exchange and the ease by which the industry can be developed relative to other sectors, makes tourism development a national priority (Glenn Kreag 2001), It is therefore important to have a clear understanding of the tourism industr`ys economic impacts, particularly because not all of them are positive. These impacts are the primary impacts, employment opportunities, impacts on the labour force, inflation and the availability of essential resources and over-reliance on tourism. 2.4 Classification of Impact There are several ways of looking at economic impacts. The following classification of impacts reflects the multi-sectoral nature oftourism: Primary Impacts arise from the inflow of foreign cash as a result of visitor expenditure. They are fairly well recorded by banks and businesses such as airlines, hotels and restaurants. They are relatively easy to measure. Secondary Impacts arise when the currency inflows penetrate to other sectors. This happens when the tourism industry passes some of its business on to other businesses, for instance, when an airline company contracts to provide on-board meals. Wages earned by people involved in sport services also fall into this category. Tertiary effects arise when currency flows are not the result of tourist expenditure, but when the practise of tourism led to other opportunities. For instance, a filmmaker on holiday in Mauritius may decide to use that country as the venue for his or her next film. Or a tourist may be so enchanted with the sandy beaches and blue lagoons of Mauritius that he or she buys a bungalow. From the above, it can be seen that the total economic impact of tourism is very hard to calculate indeed, but it would be wise to commission a thorough analysis of the tourism industry results. For instance, the high percentage of foreign workers in the tourism industry results in wages ending up going to their home countries which reduces the net benefit to the host Country. 2.5 Tourism Social and Cultural Impacts The socio-cultural impacts of tourism are basically the consequences of either the development of the tourism industry or the presence of the tourists (and the characteristics of the tourist-host relationship) (Sharpley 1994). The table below contains a comprehensive list of these impacts, following the classification adapted from Pizam Milman (1984), and Burdge (1994). The social and cultural impacts of tourism can be vast, and unfortunately many of them are negative. They include: 0 An intrusion of western culture into the host population. The tendency is often for local people to try to emulate westem consumerism. In new destinations, local populations are often not aware that many tourists work hard most of the year and then take time off for leisure. Instead, the tourists appear to have a lifestyle that is only enviable and the temptation to mimic them in terms of- dress or personal assets such as watches, sunglasses, etc, is great. 0 Value systems may be eroded, particularly in poor areas where tourists can be seen as an opportunity to make a fast buck. This may lead to theft prostitution, and sometimes violent crimes. Local customs are often not respected by tourists who may be unaware or insensitive to them. It is critically important that the government and other role players make tourists aware of such issues; Valuable cultural artefacts are olten bought by tourists, and shipwrecks are regularly plundered. The table below show some of the main impact of tourism on a country IDIPACTS IDF TOUllISlI Positive Negative Impacts on population Population increase (immigration, no emigration) Immigration of seasonal workforce (positive in case of lack of labour negative in case of unemployment) Presence of second home owners (positive if involved in community life negative if not involved) Changes in population distribution (by age, sex, race, ethnicity) Urbanisation of population Changes in labour market New jobs Seasonal jobs New types of jobs in tourism Unskilled jobs Increased value of knowledge, language Lack of labour in traditional sectors skills Economic diversification Increased economic inequality Stimulation of underdeveloped regions I Changes in community structure, characteristics Income from tourism Increase in the number of temporary residents (not very committed) Growing importance of service sector i Conflicts with second home owners Stimulation of social, cultural life Difficulties in acquiring real estate Increase in the value of land Increase in real estate prices s Development of infrastructure Increase in prices, intlation Wider opportunity for shopping Loss tiw Improvement in the destination image Transformation of value systems Increase in residents pride in their Religious conflicts settlement l (with second home owners, with tourists) Decrease of prejudices, disappearance of Overdependence on tourism stereotypes, increase in tolerance Congestion Traiiic problems Transformation of social stratification (owners of totuist resources rise, owners of traditional resources fell) Impacts on individual and family level Increase in social mobility i Disruption of social networks p (especially among the young and women) i Improvement in leisure opportunities Changes in the rhythm of life _ Meeting new people, wider social Loss of importance of liiendship Improvement in the quality of life Increase in perception of danger (due to increased criminality) Language skills Xenophobia Income hom totuism Commercialised hospitality Improvement in attitudes toward work, Deviant behaviours (alcoholism, politeness, manners prostitution, I gambling, drug abuse vandalism) Local language suppressed Increased sexual permissiveness Transformation of family structure Transformation of consumer habits Changes in housing conditions Transformation of behaviour (demonstration effect) Impacts on cultural and natural resources Protection of rare resoufces of Disappearance of local habits, traditions outstanding beauty Revival of local arts, crafts, cultLual Commercialisatknl of culture events Revival of local architectural traditions Littering, pollution 2.6 Conception and Development of Integrated Resort in Mauritius Mauritius has during recent years been facing serious economic problems owing to the need to comply with free trade agreements and globalisation. This has severely affected sugar and textile exports, two major pillars of the natio al economy, and consequently our balance of payment. Despite serious economic problems, Mauritius has succeeded in realising a remarkable economic transformation due to a diversified economy resting on other pillars like financial and business services sector and that of tourism, hospitality and property development. Hence the development of the Integrated Resort Scheme can be seen as an economic strategy. As a national strategy the Mauritian government has come along with the introduction of the IRS under the Investment Promotion Act 2000 through the Investment Promotion (Integrated Resort Scheme) Regulations 2002 in order to boost up foreign direct investment which is a necessary component in the fight to compensate for the decrease in sugar and textile income inflow. This has been a strategic attempt with the twofold objective, firstly to attract more foreign direct investment and secondly to strike a more favourable balance of payment. Hence recently Hospitality and Property Development have emerged, attracting substantial investment fiom both local and foreign investors under Investment Promotion Regulations 2007 which promotes the Real Estate Development Scheme comprising of IRS and RES (Real Estate Scheme) projects which are expected to be implemented in the next few years. The objective of the Integrated Resort Scheme (IRS) is to attract mainly high net-worth non-citizens into Mauritius by allowing them to acquire luxury villas of international standing and at the same time providing high-class amenities and facilities including golf course, marina, individual swimming pool, catering, nautical and other sport facilities and health centre within the boundaries of the integrated resort area. The acquisition of a villa for residential purposes by a foreigner under the Scheme will allow the foreigner his family to reside in Mauritius as long as he holds the property. Whilst the Investment Promotion Act 2000 expresses governments political will to expand the economic sector by creating the Board of Investment, the Business Facilitation (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 2006 enhances business opportunities towards IRS projects. The Investment Promotion Act 2000 and Investment Promotion Regulations 2007 provide the legal framework for guidelines with regard to the implementation of these projects. The Finance Act 2007 introduced amendme ts to the following Acts of Parliament in order to regulate the promotion, implementation and marketing of IRS projects in Mauritius: 0 Investment Promotion Act 0 Land (Duties and Taxes) Act 0 Morcellement Act 0 Non-Citizens (Property Restriction) Act 0 Registration Duty Act  » Sugar Industry Efiiciency Act 2001 0 Environment Protection Act 2002 Here under is a list of IRS projects currently being implemented: Solares at Flic en Flac, Villas Valriche, Les Villas Telfair, Les Salines, La Balise Marina, Domaine de lHarmonie, Barachois villas and River Club. A few other projects have received their letter of approval recently and upon compliance to conditions laid down they will receive their IRS certificates. In some other cases the Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) report, which analyses the environmental, biophysical and social impact of a proposed development, is being scrutinised in order to ensure that the proposed development is sustainable. The Integrated Resort Scheme provides:  » for the development of luxury residential units of international standing on freehold land of more than 10 hectares to be sold at a price exceeding USD 500,000  » high-class leisure and commercial amenities and facilities intended to enhance the residential units. These may include but not limited to, golf course, marina, nautical and other sport facilities, shopping mall, restaurant and wellness centre. 0 day-to-day management services such as security, maintenance, gardening, solid waste disposal and household services have to be provided to the residents. 0 for a social contribution in terms of social amenities, community development and other facilities for the benefit of the neighbouring community where the IRS project is implemyed/ However the following conditions concerning the eligibility for the acquisition of residential property from an IRS Company have to be complied with: (a) a non-citizen of Mauritius (b) a citizen of Mauritius (c) a company registered as a foreign company under the Companies Act 2001 (d) a company incorporated under the Companies Act 2001 (e) a Socià ©tà ©, where its deed of formation is deposited with the Registrar of Companies (l) a trust, where the trusteeship services are provided by a qualified trustee licensed by the Financial Services Commission It is instrumental to examine the importance and justification of the IRS in Mauritius liom a scientific point of view. Integrated resorts initiatives and development can be primarily viewed from the macro-economic perspective of foreign capital inflow (FDI) where as on the other hand they can be explained from the perspective of the market failure concept which has necessitated the rejuvenation process of the resort cycle in Mauritius. The strong linkages of tourism and IRS with other economic sectors should be the key in realising that tourism and new products are a powerful factor for economic growth and employment. This can clearly be seen by the nature of tourism and permanent residence needs, that is to say, as an industry it calls for goods and services such as: transportation, food, fuel, water and electricity, crafts, tour services, entertainment, communication, etc. These linkages have always had a positive economic impact in Mauritius. Of coLuse tourism and HKS development not only benefit the private sector but contribute significantly to government revenues in the form of sales, business, corporate, personal, departure and of course, import levies. 2.7 The Rationale for Government Intervention in Mauritius Tourism Sector Continuing globalization of competition has given confirmation to the market-oriented view entertained by the Mauritian government which justifies its intervention in the tourism sector by creating the integrated resort scheme to favour our export oriented strategy. It is believed that markets should be given primacy in the production and distribution of goods and services while government should provide the proper institutional infrastructure for markets to function properly. In cases of ket failure government should intervene to correct any imperfection and intervention is also justified because the more important the sector is to the economy, the greater intervention should be in order to ensure socially compatible objectives that foster sustainable development. The public sector can exercise varying degree of influence over the direction of tourism development by acting on both the demand side and supply side (Akehurst et al, 1994). In Mauritius the demand management policies and the management of its supply side must be seen to go in pair with governments macro-stabilization policy in an attempt to reach a state of equilibrium. Micro policies have to be endorsed to make markets function better. Govemmenfs political structure and the functioning of rivate institutions have to go in pair as well, Barriers and rigidities should be removed so that new projects like integrated resort development could function more efficiently. Without appropriate macro-economic policies market-oriented projects in the tourism sector will have to struggle for survival. Thus the role of government in ensuring a better economic climate is of vital importance to improve returns in the lCOl1I`lSII1 Sà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬CfO!` The Mauritian government had taken actions to correct market failure in the economic and tourism sector by rntroducrng the integrated resort development that is the integrated resort scheme Market failure arises from a situation where the riee market does not guarantee environmental protection and community involvement rn development process Since the tourism sector rn Mauritius rs not an integrated